Analysis of cracks caused by concrete shrinkage and temperature changes in commonly used reinforced concrete structures of bridges in Vietnam
Email:
nvhau@utc.edu.vn
Keywords:
crack in reinforced concrete, concrete flexural member, tension chord model, crack width, durability of concrete structure, crack control
Abstract
Cracking phenomena in the reinforced concrete structures of bridge and culvert components occur commonly. While current Vietnamese bridge design standards allow for the presence of cracks, they do not provide quantitative limits on the permissible crack width directly. This research analysises the crack formation mechanism of reinforced concrete structures under the influence of shrinkage and temperature loading by using “tension-chord” model. The research findings demonstrate that despite the steel reinforcement being adequately arranged to resist shrinkage and temperature as per current bridge design standards, cracking can easily occur with crack widths exceeding the allowable limits specified in the existing regulations. The main reason for this is inadequate control of concrete construction temperature. Furthermore, using smaller diameter reinforcement can significantly reduce the crack width compared to using larger diameter reinforcement with the same steel ratio. Increasing the amount of reinforcement can reduce the crack width, but it also increases the susceptibility to cracking. Cracking typically does not occur immediately after the completion of maintenance but rather after a period ranging from several days to several monthsReferences
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[30]. Y. Sherif, L. Taha, H. Mohamed, H. Mohammad, Monitoring of strain induced by heat of hydration, cyclic and dynamic loads in concrete structures using fiber-optics sensors, Measurement 52 (2014) 33–46.
[31]. H. Guangdong, G. Changsheng, C. Ji, Thermal stress numerical simulation on concrete hydration heat of giant floor in deep foundation pit, Advanced Materials Research, 535-537 (2012) 1961-1964.
[32]. H. Shi, L. Yongjian, L. Yi, L. Jiang, Z. Ning, Numerical simulation investigation on hydration heat temperature and early cracking risk of concrete box girder in cold regions, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 10 (2023) 697-720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2023.05.002
[33]. P. W. Zou, Z. Fei, Z. Zhe, C. Zhuo, L. Yuliang, M. B. Zhong-Da, Effect of Steam Curing Scheme on the Early-Age Temperature Field of a Prefabricated Concrete T-Beam, (2023) 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4484851
[34]. Z. Xinping, B. Laurent, V. Matthieu, J. Zhengwu, Scaling of nanoscale elastic and tensile failure properties of cementitious calcium-silicate-hydrate materials at cryogenic temperatures: A molecular simulation study, Cement and Concrete Research, 172 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107242
[35]. H. Wu, J. Liu, Investigations of the Temperature Field and Cracking Risk in Early Age Massive Concrete in the Segment of a Box Girder Bridge. KSCE J Civ Eng, 27 (2023) 3971-3989. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-023-2050-4
[36]. Tiêu Chuẩn Quốc Gia, TCVN 9343:2012 kết cấu bê tông và bê tông cốt thép - hướng dẫn công tác bảo trì, 2012.
[37]. Tiêu Chuẩn quốc gia, TCVN 5574:2012 về Kết cấu bê tông và bê tông cốt thép - Tiêu chuẩn thiết kế, 2012.
[38]. Bộ Giao Thông Vận Tải, Tiêu Chuẩn Ngành, 22TCN 18:1979 về quy trình thiết kế cầu cống theo trạng thái giới hạn, 1979.
[39]. Bộ Giao Thông Vận Tải, Tiêu Chuẩn Ngành, 22TCN 272 :2005 Tiêu chuẩn thiết kế cầu, 2005.
[40]. Bộ Xây Dựng, Tiêu Chuẩn Xây Dựng Việt Nam, Bê tông khối lớn – Quy phạm thi công và nghiệm thu, TCXDVN 305-2004.
[2]. M. M. Leonardo, V. Jaime, R. Fabián, Minimum longitudinal reinforcement in rectangular and flanged reinforced concrete walls, Structures, 55 (2023) 1342-1353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.06.104
[3]. G. Guo, P. Yang, C. Wang, J. Zhang, Z. Zeng, Experimental study on the full-scale test of sidewalls in casting of concrete with magnesium anti-cracking agent, New Building Materials/Xinxing Jianzhu Cailiao, 6 (2023) 147-151.
[4]. P. B Bamfort, Early-age thermal crack control in concrete, CIRIA C660, London, 2007, Chapter 2, pp. 26.
[5]. American Assossiation of State Highway and Transportation Officials, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. SI Units, 8th Edition (2017), Section 5, Concrete structures, C5.7.3.4, pp. 45, 2017.
[6]. Tiêu chuẩn quốc gia: Thiết kế cầu đường bộ, TCVN 11823:2017, Tập 5, 7.3.4, pp.46-47.
[7]. C.G. Berrocal, I. Fernandez, I. Löfgren, E. Nordström, R. Rempling, Strain and Temperature Monitoring in Early-Age Concrete by Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing, RILEM Bookseries, Springer, 43 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33211-1_82
[8]. A. M. L. Machado, L. F. A. L. Babadopulos, A. E. B. Cabral, Casting plan for a mass concrete foundation of a high-rise building for avoiding DEF and shrinkage cracking, J Build Rehabil 8 (2023), 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41024-023-00294-2
[9]. J. Dahlberg, B. M. Phares, Z. Liu, Evaluation of the Performance of Expanded Polystyrene Block on the Reduction of the Deck Cracking in Wide Integral Abutment Bridge. Transportation Research Record, 2677 (2023) 700-712. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981231160160
[10]. A. Abudushalamu, M. Ippei, V. Matthieu, Thermal Expansion of Cement Paste at Various Relative Humidities after Long-term Drying: Experiments and Modeling, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 21 (2023) 151-165. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.21.151
[11]. H. W. Park, J. H. Lee, J. H. Jeong, Finite Element Analysis of Continuously Reinforced Bonded Concrete Overlay Pavements Using the Concrete Damaged Plasticity Model. Sustainability, 15 (2023) 4809. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064809
[12]. Z. Yating, R. Jeffery, D. Sachindra, Predicting transverse crack properties in continuously reinforced concrete pavement, Construction and Building Materials, 364 (2023) 129842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129842.
[13]. P. Liu, Z. Xu, D. Zhang, C. Guo, B. Wang, Y. Liu, Research on application of crack control technology for mass concrete slab structure, New Building Materials/Xinxing Jianzhu Cailiao, 9 (2022) 35-43.
[14]. C. Chang, T. Huiqi, W. Tao, L. Jiyun, C. Zhao, L. Fuhai, S. Qian, L. Rui, Long-term shrinkage performance and anti-cracking technology of concrete under dry-cold environment with large temperature differences, Construction and Building Materials, 349 (2022) 128730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128730.
[15]. L. Xiaoda, Y. Zhipeng, C. Kexin, D. Chunlin, Y. Fang, Investigation of temperature development and cracking control strategies of mass concrete: A field monitoring case study, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18 (2023) 02144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02144
[16]. M. Meyer, V. Z. Juandré, R. Combrinck, The influence of temperature on the cracking of plastic concrete, MATEC Web of Conferences; Les Ulis, 364 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236402018
[17]. D. Shen, Cracking Resistance of Internally Cured Concrete Under Uniaxial Restrained Condition at Early-Age, in : Cracking Control on Early-Age Concrete Through Internal Curing, Springer, Singapore, (2023) 269-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8398-6_6
[18]. D. Wen, Q. Li, S. Zeng, Y. Chang, Investigation of temperature crack control technology in the process of concrete pouring, New Building Materials / Xinxing Jianzhu Cailiao, 10 (2022) 55-58.
[19]. Joost Walraven, Agnieszka Bigaj-van Vliet, fib Model Code for Concrete Structures, Structural & Building Engineering, (2010).
[20]. P. Marti, M. Alvarez, W. Kaufmann, V. Sigrist, Tension Chord Model for Structural Concrete, Structural Engineering International, 8 (1998) 287–298, https://doi.org/10.2749/101686698780488875
[21]. R. I. Gilbert, Control of Flexural Cracking in Reinforced Concrete, ACI Structural Journal, 105-S29 (2008) 301-307.
[22]. V. H. Nguyen, Study of Rupture Mechanism in Concrete Girder Strengthened by External Fiber Reinforced Polymer Using Crack Analysis, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering: Materials Science and Engineering, 869 (2020) 072069. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/869/7/072049
[23]. V. H. Nguyen, T. T. Bui, V. P. Pham, N. L. Nguyen, An experimental study and a proposed theoretical solution for the prediction of the ductile/brittle failure modes of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with external steel plates, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 16 (2022) 198–213. https://doi.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.61.13
[24]. Y. Hachem, E. Ezzedine, M. Dandachy, J. M. Khatib, Physical, Mechanical and Transfer Properties at the Steel-Concrete Interface: A Review, Buildings, 13 (2023) 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040886
[25]. J. Nan, L. Yang, W. Da, L. Naiwei, Y. Feng, Investigation of Bond Behavior between Steel Bar and Concrete under Coupled Effect of Fatigue Loading and Corrosion, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 35 (2023) 10. https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-16113
[26]. W. Hao, L. Yuanpeng, H. Zhangli, L. Hua, Y. Ting, L. Jiaping, Influencing aspects and mechanisms of steel bar reinforcement on shrinkage and cracking of cement-based materials: A review, Journal of Building Engineering, 77 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107476.
[27]. M. Enzo, A. B. K. Eduardus, C. Antonio, A numerical recipe for modelling hydration and heat flow in hardening Concrete, Cement & Concrete Composites, 40 (2013) 48–58.
[28]. Trần Văn Miền, Nguyễn Lê Thi, Nghiên cứu đặc trưng nhiệt của bêtông sử dụng hàm lượng tro bay lớn, Tạp chí Khoa học Công nghệ Xây dựng, số 3+4/2013.
[29]. M. H. Lee, S. C. Young, S. K. Bae, D. Y. Hyun, Influence of Casting Temperature on the Heat of Hydration in Mass Concrete Foundation with Ternary Cements, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 525 (2014) 478-481.
[30]. Y. Sherif, L. Taha, H. Mohamed, H. Mohammad, Monitoring of strain induced by heat of hydration, cyclic and dynamic loads in concrete structures using fiber-optics sensors, Measurement 52 (2014) 33–46.
[31]. H. Guangdong, G. Changsheng, C. Ji, Thermal stress numerical simulation on concrete hydration heat of giant floor in deep foundation pit, Advanced Materials Research, 535-537 (2012) 1961-1964.
[32]. H. Shi, L. Yongjian, L. Yi, L. Jiang, Z. Ning, Numerical simulation investigation on hydration heat temperature and early cracking risk of concrete box girder in cold regions, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 10 (2023) 697-720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2023.05.002
[33]. P. W. Zou, Z. Fei, Z. Zhe, C. Zhuo, L. Yuliang, M. B. Zhong-Da, Effect of Steam Curing Scheme on the Early-Age Temperature Field of a Prefabricated Concrete T-Beam, (2023) 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4484851
[34]. Z. Xinping, B. Laurent, V. Matthieu, J. Zhengwu, Scaling of nanoscale elastic and tensile failure properties of cementitious calcium-silicate-hydrate materials at cryogenic temperatures: A molecular simulation study, Cement and Concrete Research, 172 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107242
[35]. H. Wu, J. Liu, Investigations of the Temperature Field and Cracking Risk in Early Age Massive Concrete in the Segment of a Box Girder Bridge. KSCE J Civ Eng, 27 (2023) 3971-3989. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-023-2050-4
[36]. Tiêu Chuẩn Quốc Gia, TCVN 9343:2012 kết cấu bê tông và bê tông cốt thép - hướng dẫn công tác bảo trì, 2012.
[37]. Tiêu Chuẩn quốc gia, TCVN 5574:2012 về Kết cấu bê tông và bê tông cốt thép - Tiêu chuẩn thiết kế, 2012.
[38]. Bộ Giao Thông Vận Tải, Tiêu Chuẩn Ngành, 22TCN 18:1979 về quy trình thiết kế cầu cống theo trạng thái giới hạn, 1979.
[39]. Bộ Giao Thông Vận Tải, Tiêu Chuẩn Ngành, 22TCN 272 :2005 Tiêu chuẩn thiết kế cầu, 2005.
[40]. Bộ Xây Dựng, Tiêu Chuẩn Xây Dựng Việt Nam, Bê tông khối lớn – Quy phạm thi công và nghiệm thu, TCXDVN 305-2004.
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Received
14/05/2023
Revised
11/08/2023
Accepted
30/08/2023
Type
Research Article
How to Cite
Nguyễn Văn, H. (1). Analysis of cracks caused by concrete shrinkage and temperature changes in commonly used reinforced concrete structures of bridges in Vietnam. Transport and Communications Science Journal, 74(9), 1048-1062. https://doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.74.9.3
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