Impact of driving cycles on black carbon emissions from diesel engines: a case study for bus in Vietnam
Email:
nylien@utc.edu.vn
Từ khóa:
driving cycle, black carbon, diesel bus, MOVES
Tóm tắt
Black carbon (BC) from diesel buses is a major contributor to urban PM2.5 and a significant short-lived climate forcer. This study quantifies how operation‑mode distributions (Bins) and vehicle‑specific power (VSP) characteristics across seven bus driving cycles influence the bus’s BC emissions. MOVES software was used to simulate bus BC emissions following selected driving cycles. A representative EURO II diesel bus (60–89 seats; 10 years in service) was used as the case study, while fuel and meteorology were held constant to isolate the effect of driving patterns. The driving kinematic attributes, VSP probability density, and Bin frequencies were analyzed across cycles. The New York City cycle recorded the highest PM2.5 and BC emissions (0.859 and 0.599 g/km, respectively), reflecting a driving pattern characterized by a large share of idling time, dominance of Bins 12–13, and the occurrence of high-VSP phases. The Transit Coach Operating Duty Cycle had the lowest PM2.5 and BC emissions (0.256 g/km and 0.196 g/km, respectively), indicating a shift toward Bin 22 and an almost complete absence of very high-VSP bins. The Hanoi bus driving cycle produced intermediate values (0.427 g PM2.5/km; 0.324 g BC/km), in line with Bins 12–14, which are typical of the city's stop-and-go traffic. Across cycles, BC contributed about 70–78% of PM2.5 emissions. The results suggest practical ways to reduce BC and PM2.5 in the short term, particularly when technological advancements are limited, such as reducing idling and aggressive acceleration, and improving steady-speed operationTài liệu tham khảo
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[2]. J. E. Oh, M. J. Dos Anjos Ribeiro Cordeiro, J. A. Rogers, K. Nguyen, D. Bongardt, L. T. Dang, V. A. Tuan, Addressing Climate Change in Transport: Volume 1 : Pathway to Low-Carbon Transport The World Bank and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH, 2019. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/581131568121810607/Volume-1-Pathway-to-Low-Carbon-Transport
[3]. S. Bista, C. Dureau, B. Chaix, Personal exposure to concentrations and inhalation of black carbon according to transport mode use: The MobiliSense sensor-based study, Environ. Int, 158 (2022) 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106990
[4]. J. Zhang, R. So, M. Bergmann, S. Tuffier, T. A. Nystedt, C. Lawlor, K. Pira, G. Napolitano, J. Brandt, M. Ketzel, L. Steffen, M. Ebba, O. Anna, Y.-H. Lim, J. A. Zorana, Long-term exposure to black carbon and incident asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults: The Danish Nurse Cohort, Environ. Res, 289 (2025) 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123357
[5]. T. N. Quang, N. T. Hue, L. K. Tran, T. H. Phi, L. Morawska, P. K. Thai, Motorcyclists have much higher exposure to black carbon compared to other commuters in traffic of Hanoi, Vietnam, Atmos. Environ, 245 (2021) 118029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118029
[6]. Y.-L. T. Nguyen, T.-D. Nghiem, A.-T. Le, K. N. Duc, D.-H. Nguyen, Emission characterization and co-benefits of bus rapid transit: A case study in Hanoi, Vietnam, Atmos. Pollut. Res, 12 (2021) 101148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2021.101148
[7]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Latest Version of MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), 2024. https://www.epa.gov/moves/latest-version-motor-vehicle-emission-simulator-moves
[8]. International Sustainable Systems Research Center (ISSRC), International Vehicle Emissions (IVE): Model Overview and Model Users Manual, 2008. http://www.issrc.org/ive/
[9]. H. Guo, Q.-y. Zhang, Y. Shi, D.-h. Wang, Evaluation of the International Vehicle Emission (IVE) model with on-road remote sensing measurements, J. Environ. Sci, 19 (2007) 818-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60137-5.
[10]. C. Lin, X. Zhou, D. Wu, B. Gong, Estimation of Emissions at Signalized Intersections Using an Improved MOVES Model with GPS Data, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16 (2019) 3647. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193647
[11]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), How does PM2.5 relate to PM species such as EC, OC, SO4, NO3, PMFINE, and DIESEL-PM2.5?, 2025. https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/how-does-pm25-relate-pm-species-such-ec-oc-so4-no3-pmfine-and-diesel-pm25
[12]. DieselNet, Emission Test Cycles. https://dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/ece_eudc.php
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[14]. Y.-L. T. Nguyen, T.-D. Nghiem, A.-T. Le, N.-D. Bui, Development of the typical driving cycle for buses in Hanoi, Vietnam, J. Air Waste Manage, 69 (2019) 423-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1543736
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[17]. Y. Yao, X. Zhao, C. Liu, J. Rong, Y. Zhang, Z. Dong, Y. Su, Vehicle fuel consumption prediction method based on driving behavior data collected from smartphones, J. Adv. Transp, 2020 (2020) 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9263605
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[19]. M. K. Nasir, R. Md Noor, M. Kalam, B. Masum, Reduction of fuel consumption and exhaust pollutant using intelligent transport systems, Sci. World J, 2014 (2014) http://doi.org/10.1155/2014/836375
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[21]. M. V. Faria, P. C. Baptista, T. L. Farias, Identifying driving behavior patterns and their impacts on fuel use, Transp. Res. Procedia, 27 (2017) 953-960. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.12.038
[22]. Y. L. T. Nguyen, H. Y. T. Than, Estimating the greenhouse gas emission factor of motorcycles under real-world driving conditions in Hanoi: a case study, Transp. Commun. Sci. J, 74 (2023) 764-774. https://doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.74.7.1
[23]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), MOVES and Mobile Source Emissions Research, 2025. https://www.epa.gov/moves
[24]. GIZ, Identify targets for passenger modal shift from private to public transport in the big cities’ measures (Focusing on five main cities), 2021.
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[29]. Clarity, Black carbon emissions in urban traffic corridors, 2025. https://www.clarity.io/blog/black-carbon-emissions-in-urban-traffic-corridors
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05/01/2026
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01/04/2026
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15/09/2026
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15/09/2026
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Kiểu trích dẫn
Yen Lien Nguyen, T. (1789405200). Impact of driving cycles on black carbon emissions from diesel engines: a case study for bus in Vietnam. Tạp Chí Khoa Học Giao Thông Vận Tải, 77(7), 1001-1014. https://doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.77.7.9
